25 Years of Operation of the “Santa María del Loreto” Photovoltaic Plant Cuba
Jose Emilio Camejo Cuan,
Ruben Ramos Heredia,
Roger Proenza Yero,
Jose Felipe Vigil
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, October 2022
Pages:
58-62
Received:
6 August 2022
Accepted:
24 August 2022
Published:
5 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.eas.20220705.11
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Abstract: The work addresses the main socio-technological aspects carried out by the Electrification Department of the Solar Energy Research Center, which in a sustained manner and with significant scientific-technical contributions, has guaranteed the sustainability of photovoltaic technology in centralized systems, taking as a reference the Photovoltaic Solar System installed since September 1997 in the Rural Community "Santa María del Loreto", for the electrification of the economic and social objectives of said community and that throughout 25 years of uninterrupted exploitation has demonstrated social, technological and economic aspects of this technology and its necessary relationship with its beneficiaries, where participation, training and the use of resource rules are the main variables that favor the assimilation of this technology, modifying habits and customs of users regarding the consumption of energy in a collectivistic way, which h have allowed to promote endogenous capacities for the community appropriation of photovoltaic technology in substitution of a Diesel Generators, as a means of electrification, which makes it essential to avoid the exodus of rural inhabitants to the cities, allowing the agricultural development of the country and guaranteeing the massification of culture through the social programs developed. All this has demonstrated the social and technical-economic viability of these facilities in the socio-cultural conditions and the Cuban climate, has contributed to raising the scientific-technical knowledge of technology for national specialists.
Abstract: The work addresses the main socio-technological aspects carried out by the Electrification Department of the Solar Energy Research Center, which in a sustained manner and with significant scientific-technical contributions, has guaranteed the sustainability of photovoltaic technology in centralized systems, taking as a reference the Photovoltaic So...
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Evaluation on the Chloride Ion Penetration into Concrete Added Different Types of Admixture Using Industrial Byproducts
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, October 2022
Pages:
63-70
Received:
21 August 2022
Accepted:
13 September 2022
Published:
28 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.eas.20220705.12
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Abstract: In recent years, chloride ion stagnation has been reported in concrete with high chloride ion penetration resistance, even if the material age increases, the depth of chloride ion penetration does not change. It has been confirmed that most of the collected cores are not only at the chloride ion stop position, but also at the surface layer, and that this long-term chloride ion stagnation phenomenon has not been reported, which is a very valuable case. In order to properly predict chloride ion penetration, it is necessary to grasp and consider the above stagnation phenomenon. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discuss the presumption of chloride ion penetration considering the stagnation of chloride ion penetration. In this study, the presumption of chloride ion penetration was studied considering chloride ion stagnation. The findings obtained in this study are shown below. In the case of low water bonding material ratio, chloride ion penetration is likely to stagnate in all test specimens of ordinary concrete, fly ash concrete and blast furnace slag concrete studied in this study. Based on the liquid water infiltration position determined by visual observation, a chloride ion infiltration presumption model was prepared for each cement species considering the effect of advection. In dense concrete structures with stagnant chloride ion penetration, it is confirmed that Fick's diffusion equation currently prescribed in the presentation. For blast furnace slag concrete with many coarse gaps and no chloride ion penetration stagnation, it is shown that it can be handled by using the chloride ion penetration estimation model of ordinary concrete.
Abstract: In recent years, chloride ion stagnation has been reported in concrete with high chloride ion penetration resistance, even if the material age increases, the depth of chloride ion penetration does not change. It has been confirmed that most of the collected cores are not only at the chloride ion stop position, but also at the surface layer, and tha...
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A Review on Factors Affecting the Uniformity of Sprinkler Irrigation
Etefa Tilahun Ashine,
Minda Tadesse Bedane
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 5, October 2022
Pages:
71-76
Received:
7 September 2022
Accepted:
19 October 2022
Published:
27 October 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.eas.20220705.13
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Abstract: Taking measures to improve water management is of particular importance because the on-going demand for irrigation water may lead to an increase in pressure on water sources. The need to increase irrigation's flexibility and efficiency has led to the development of more advanced pressurized irrigation such as sprinkler irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is the process of applying water in the form of a spray or in the form of rainfall. Both distribution uniformity and coefficient of uniformity result in approximately the same values when uniformity is high. During applying irrigation water for crops in sprinkler irrigation water mostly lost by wind speed in the form of evaporation. It is affected by the direction and magnitude of the prevailing wind. The other factor that affects the uniformity of irrigation is the raiser height, mainly in windy areas. As the riser height decreases, water application uniformity will increase and also evaporation and drift losses will increase. For wind speeds under 4 m. p. h., they either have minimal or no impact on the distribution pattern. The distribution of irrigation water is also impacted by wind direction relative to lateral lines. When the wind is blowing from the lateral at an angle of between 15 and 45 degrees, a better pattern can be produced. The distribution of water in sprinkler system equipment is influenced by water pressure at the riser as well. Because the slope of the line is less and the higher pressures are better, this suggests that as wind speeds rise, the influence of pressure becomes more pronounced. It is advised that a sprinkler head be used within the manufacturer's specified range of pressures in order to achieve irrigation consistency.
Abstract: Taking measures to improve water management is of particular importance because the on-going demand for irrigation water may lead to an increase in pressure on water sources. The need to increase irrigation's flexibility and efficiency has led to the development of more advanced pressurized irrigation such as sprinkler irrigation. Sprinkler irrigat...
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